Pomelo is very large citrus fruit of botanical name Citrus maxima. It is very sweet taste after ripening . Have you ever tried a honey pomelo ? This large citrus fruit can be found in the produce section from late fall to early spring. Here's more about this tasty unique citrus fruit.The fruit is used in many festive celebrations throughout Southeast Asia. After a Captain Shaddock of an East India Company ship introduced it to Barbados, the fruit was called "shaddock" in English. The fruit is also known as jabong in Hawaii and jambola in varieties of English spoken in South Asia. The etymology of the word "pomelo" is uncertain. It may be an alteration of "pompelmoes", in Tamil pomelo are called pampa limasu, which means "big citrus". The name was adopted by the Portuguese as pomposos limoes and then by the Dutch as pompelmoes. Typically, the fruit is pale green to yellow when ripe, with sweet white ( or, more rarely , pink or red) fle...
Citrus is a group of flowering trees and shrubs in the cotton family. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, lemons, grapes, pomelos, and limes.
The genus Citrus is native to South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia, Melanesia and Australia. Various citrus species have been used and domesticated in these areas since ancient times. From there its cultivation spread to Micronesia and Polynesia by Austronesian expansion (c. 3000–1500 BC); And via the incense trade route in the Middle East and the Mediterranean Sea (c. 1200 BCE), and later to Europe.
History
Sour plants are native to subtropical and tropical regions of Asia, the islands Southeast Asia, Oceania and Northeast Australia. The dominance of citrus species involved much hybridization and introversion, when there was much uncertainty about when and where domestication occurred. A genomic, phylogenic and biographical analysis by Wu et al. (201 201) has shown that the center of origin of the genus Citrus is the southeastern foothills of the Himalayas, which extend from eastern Assam, northern Myanmar to western Yunnan. It originated from a common ancestor with Ponsirus trifolata. During the Late Miocene (11.63 to 5.33 mya) there was sudden speculation due to changes in climatic conditions. Species that occur as a result of this phenomenon include the citron (Citrus medica) of South Asia; Pomelos (C. maxima) of Mainland Southeast Asia; Mandarin (C. reticulata), Kumquats (C. japonica), Mengenyegan (C. mangensensis), and Ikong papadus (C. ichangensis) of southeastern China; Kafir lime (C. hystrix) of Southeast Asia; And Baisong and Samyuyo (C. Mikrantha) of the Philippines.
Map of the original native wild categories of main citrus cultivation, and selectively relevant wild taxa
This was followed by the spread of citrus species in the early Pliocene (5.33 to 3.6 ml) in Taiwan and Japan, resulting in Tachibana Orange (C. tachibana); And beyond the Wallace Line in Papua New Guinea and Australia during the early Pleistocene (2.5 million to 800,000 years ago), where further speculation events occurred, resulting in Australian skirmishes.
The earliest introduction of citrus species by human migration occurred during the Austronesian expansion (c. 3000–1500 BCE), where citrus hysterics, citrus macroprata, and citrus maxima were among the canoe plants formerly planted by Austronesian voyeurs in Micronesia and Polynesia.
Citron (Citrus medica) was introduced early into the Mediterranean basin from India and Southeast Asia. It was introduced through two ancient trade routes: an overland route through the islands of Persia, the Levant and the Mediterranean; And a sea route through the Arabian Peninsula and Ptolemaic Egypt in North Africa. Although the exact date of the original introduction is unknown due to the sparsity of archaeological remains, the earliest evidence is seeds recovered from the Hala Sultan Tekke site of Cyprus, dating to around 1200 BCE. Other archaeological evidence includes pollen from Carthage to the 4th century BCE; And carbonated seeds from Pompeii dated to around 3 to 2 century BCE. The earliest complete description of citron was first verified from Theophrestus, c. 310 BC. The agriculturists of classical Rome made several references to the cultivation of citrus fruits within the limits of their empire.
Lemons, pomelos, and citrus oranges are believed to have been introduced into the Mediterranean Sea by Arab traders later in the 10th century CE; And sweet oranges by Genoese and Portuguese from Asia during the 15th to 16th centuries. Mandarin was not introduced until the 19th century. This group of species is of great importance in some Mediterranean countries, and in the case of orange, mandarin and lemon trees, they found here the soil and climatic conditions that gave them a high degree of Allows the quality of fruits to be obtained, even better, in the regions from which they came.
Florida was introduced to oranges by Spanish colonists.
In the colder parts of Europe, citrus fruits were grown in oranges starting in the 17th century; Many were very much emblematic as functional agricultural structures.
Name
The generic name originated from Latin, where either this plant is now known as Citron (C. medica) or a coniferous tree (Thuja). It is related to the ancient Greek word for cedar, ςρο k (kédros). This may be due to the perceived similarity in the smell of cedar leaves and fruits. Collectively, citrus fruits and plants are known from the romance loneward agremes (literally "sour fruits").
Evolution
Today's large citrus fruits originally evolved from small, edible berries over millions of years. Citrus species began deviating from a common ancestor about 15 million years ago, during the same time as Severinia (such as Chinese box orange) deviating from the same ancestor. About 7 million years ago, the ancestors of citrus were divided into the main genus, citrus and genus ponchrus (such as trifoliate orange), which is sufficiently related that it can still be hybridized with all other mines and Used as a rootstock. These estimates have been made using genetic mapping of plant chloroplasts. A DNA study published in Nature 2018 concluded that citrus trees originated in the foothills of the Himalayas, in the region of Assam (India), western Yunnan (China), and northern Myanmar.
The three ancestral (sometimes characterized as "native" or "fundamental") genus citrus species associated with modern citrus cultivation are mandarin orange, pomelo, and citron. Almost all common commercially important citrus fruits (sweet oranges, lemons, grapes, limes, and so on) are hybrids with each other involving these three species, their main progeny and other wild citrus within the last few thousand years. Are species.
fossil record
A fossil leaf from the Pliocene of Valdarno (Italy) is described as 'rus citrus melatensis'. In China, fossil leaf specimens of L. citrus linkangensis have been collected from the coal-bearing strata of the Bangmai Formation in the village of Bangmai, about 10 km north of the city of Linkung, Yunnan. The Bangmai Formation contains abundant amounts of fossil plants and is thought to be late Miocene era. Citrus linczangensis and C. meletensis share some important characters, such as an intramarginal vein, an entire margin, and a vocal and distinct winged petiole.
Taxonomy
The classification and systematics of the genus are complex and the exact number of natural species is not clear, as many of the hybrids named species are propagated (via apomixis) through seeds, and genetic evidence indicates that some wild, true - Breeding species are of hybrid origin.
Most cultivated citrus spp. A small number of native ancestral species appear to be natural or artificial hybrids, including citron, pomelo, mandarin, and papeda (see image). Natural and cultured citrus hybrids include commercially important fruits such as oranges, grapes, lemons, limes, and some tangerines.
In addition to these main citrus species, Australian limes and recently discovered manganas are grown. Kumaquets and Clymenia spp. Now commonly considered within the genus Citrus. Trifoliate Orange, often used as a commercial rootstock, is an outgroup and may or may not be classified as a citrus.
Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the species of Oxanathera from New Caledonia should be transferred to the genus Citrus.
Description
The tree
These plants are large shrubs or small to medium-sized trees, up to 5–15 m (16–49 ft) high, with spiny shoots and an arrangement of evergreen leaves alternating along an entire margin. . [23] The flowers are solitary or in small pores, each with a diameter of 2–4 cm (0.79–1.57 in), with five (rarely four) white petals and several stamens; They are often very strongly scented.
The Fruit
The fruit is a sperperidium, a specialized berry, longer than globose, 4-30cm (1.6-11.8in) long and 4-20cm (1.6-7.9in) in diameter, with a leathery peel or rind, called is called pericarp. The outermost layer of the pericarp is an "exocarp" called flavedo, commonly called zest. The middle layer of the pericarp is the mesocarp, in which citrus fruits have while, spongy "albedo" or "peath". The innermost layer of the pericarp is the endocarp. The space inside each section is a space filled with juice vesicles or "pulp". From the endocarp, string-like "hairs" extend into locules, which provide nourishment to the fruit as it develops.
They are also good sources of vitamin C and flavonoids. The amount of vitamin C in the fruit depends on the species, variety and method of cultivation. Fruits produced with organic agriculture have been shown to have more vitamin c than vitamins produced with traditional agriculture in the Algarve, but results depend on species and buds. Flavonoids include various flavonone and flavones.
Acidity indicator
Moroccan Professor Henry Chapot found that acidity in the more common citrone or lemon is indicated by violet pigmentation and new buds on the outer side of the flower blossom, especially on the flasky spot on the inner coat of red seeds. Red violet. Acid-free varieties of citrus lack the red color in all the mentioned places. The designation was referred to by Herbert John Weber and Leon Dexter Batikel, editors of the seminal treatise on citrus, titled The Citrus Industry, published in 1967 by the University of California, Riverside.
Farming: More information: Citrus Production
Lemon is a citrus fruit native to Asia, but now common worldwide.
Lemon in a grocery store
Sour trees hybridize very easily-depending on the pollen source, a Persian lime seed-grown plant can produce fruit similar to grape. Thus, all commercial citrus cultivation uses trees produced by grafting the desired fruit cultivation on selected rootstocks for disease resistance and rigidity.
The color of citrus fruits develops only with a (diagonal) cold winter. In tropical areas, where not at all in winter, citrus fruits remain green until ripe, hence tropical "green oranges". Persian lime in particular is extremely sensitivity to cold conditions, thus it is not usually exposed to freezing conditions sufficient to develop a ripe color. If they are left in a cool place in winter, the fruits will turn yellow.
The term "ripe" and "ripe" are commonly used synonymously, but they mean different things. A ripe fruits is one that has completed its growth phase. Sedation is the change that occurs at the beginning of ripening after it has occurred within the fruit, These change usually involve changing sugars, a decrease in acid, and a softening and change in the color of fruits.
Citrus Fruits are non-bacterial and respiration gradually decreases and the production and release of ethylene is gradual. Fruits do not undergo a ripening process in the sense that become "tree ripe". Some fruits range from immaturity to maturity to overgrowth while on the tree. Once they are separated from the tree, they do not increase in sweetness nor continue to ripen. The only way after they are selected may be to eventually start to delay.
With oranges, the color cannot be used as an indicator of ripening because sometimes the oranges turn orange long before they are ready to eat. Tasting them is the only way to know if they are ready to eat.
Mediterranean Mandarin (Citrus x Deliciosa Plantation, Son Cario (Mallorca)
Sour trees are not usually frost hardy. Mandarin oranges (C. reticulata ) are the most harsh of the common citrus species.
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