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POMELO

Pomelo is very large citrus fruit of botanical name Citrus maxima. It is very sweet taste after ripening . Have you ever tried a honey pomelo ? This large citrus fruit can be found in the produce section from late fall to early spring. Here's more about this tasty unique citrus fruit.The fruit is used in many festive celebrations throughout Southeast Asia. After a Captain Shaddock of an East India Company ship introduced it to Barbados, the fruit was called "shaddock" in English. The fruit is also known as jabong in Hawaii and jambola in varieties of English spoken in South Asia. The etymology of the word "pomelo" is uncertain. It may be an alteration of "pompelmoes", in Tamil pomelo are called pampa limasu, which means "big citrus". The name was adopted by the Portuguese as pomposos limoes and then by the Dutch as pompelmoes. Typically, the fruit is pale green to yellow when ripe, with sweet white ( or, more rarely , pink or red) fle...

Dowry

Dowry : is a transfer of parental property, gifts, or money at the marriage of a daughter. Dowry contrasts with the related concepts of bride price and dower. While bride price or bride service is a payment by the groom or his family to the bride's parents, dowry is the wealth transferred from the groom or his family, ostensibly for the bride. Similar, dower is the property settled on the bride herself , by the groom at the time of marriage,  and which remains, and which remains under her ownership and control. Dowry is an ancient custom, and its existence may well predate records of it. Dowries continue to be expected and demanded as a condition to accept a marriage proposal in some parts of the world, mainly in parts of Asia, Northern Africa and the Balkans. In some parts of the world, disputes related to dowry sometimes related to dowry sometimes result in acts of violence against women, including killings and acid attacks. The custom of dowry is most common in cultures that are strongly patrilineal and that expect women to reside with or near their husband's family. Dowries have long histories in Europe, South Asia, Africa and other parts of the world.

Definition

A dowry is the transfer of parental property to a daughter at her marriage rather than at the owner's death. Adowry establishes a type of conjugal fund, the nature of which may vary widely. This fund may provide an element of financial security in widowhood or against a negligent husband, and may eventually go to provide for her children. Dowries may also go toward establishing a marital household, and therefore might include furnishings such as linens and furniture.


Loacally, dowry is called dahej in Hindi, varadhachanai in Tamil, jehaz in Urdu and Arabic, joutuk in Bengali, jiazhuang in Mandarin, ceyiz in Turkish, dot in French, daijo in Nepali, and in various parts of Africa as serotwana, idana, saduquat , or mugtaf.

Origin

Anthropologist Jack Goody, using an ethnographic atlas, performed a comparative study of dowry practice around the world, demonstrating that dowry is a form of inheritance found in the widespread swath of Eurasian societies from Japan to Ireland, "destroying diversions." "Practices. Both sexes. This practice differs from the majority of sub-Saharan African societies that practice "homogenous inheritance" in which property is transmitted only to children of the same sex as the holder of the property. These latter African societies are characterized by the transmission of "bride price", money, goods, or property given by the groom or his family to the bride's parents (not the bride herself).

Goody has demonstrated a historical connection between "deviation deviation" (dowry) and the development of intensive plow agriculture on the one hand, and homogeneity inheritance (bride) and extensive hoe agriculture.  Attracted to the work of Esther Boeserup, Goody noted that the sexual division of labor varies in intensive plowing agriculture and extensive shifting horticulture. In heavily populated areas where shifting cultivation takes place, most of the work is done by women. These are societies that give brides. Boeserup is further shifting horticulture with the practice of polygamy, and therefore Bridwell is paid as compensation to his family for the loss of his toil. In plow agriculture, farming is mainly the work of men; This is where dowry is given.  In contrast, plow agriculture is associated with private property and marriage, as a monolithic family, tends to keep the property within the nuclear family. Close families are the preferred partner of marriage so as to keep property within the group.

There is a scholarly debate on Goody's theory. For example, Sylvia Yanagisko argues that there are many societies, including Japan, southern Italy, and parts of China, that do not support Goody's claim that dowry is a form of female inheritance of male property. She notes that Goody is an evolutionary model in which these historical variables may not be the deciding factor today. Susan Mann argues, on the contrary, for example, where dowry was a form of female heritage even in late Imperial China.

Stanley J. Goody's co-author on Tambia (previously "Bridwealth and Daury" ) later argued that Goody's overall research remained relevant in North India, although it needed revision to meet local conditions. He explains that in North India, dowry is only partially used as the bride's joint corpus, and a large part goes directly to the groom's joint family. This would initially seem to discount Gudi's model, except that in North India, the joint family is made up of the groom's parents, his estranged brothers and unmarried sisters, and their third-generation children. This joint family controlled this part of the dowry, which they used to help their daughter / sister for dowry. But when the parents died, and the joint family split, this jointly wealth property was then divided between the married sons, as if the bride's dowry was eventually given to the joint family by her and him. The husband was returned as her "joint fund".

Schlegel and Alloul expanded on Goody's model through further statistical analysis of the ethnographic atlas. He argues that a major factor determining the type of marriage transaction is the type of property controlled by the household. Bridewealth transmits property and women, and is specific to societies where property is limited. Dowry focuses on property and is found in the owner classes of property or commercial or landed rustic people. When families give dowry, they not only ensure their daughter's financial security, they "buy" the best possible husband, and son-in-law for her as well.

Historical practices
Babylon
Even in the earliest available records, such as the Code of Hammurabi in ancient Babylon, dowry is described as a pre-existing custom. Daughters generally did not inherit anything from their father's property. Instead, with the wedding, he received a dowry from his parents, which was intended to provide lifelong protection to the bride, as his family could afford.

In Babylonia, both bride price and dowry were prevalent. However, bride price almost always became part of dowry.  In the case of divorce without any reason, a man is required to give his wife the dowry that he brings along and the bride price paid by the husband. The return of dowry can be disputed, if the divorce was due to permission under Babylonian law.

ancient Greece
In ancient Greece, the common practice was to pay the price of a bride (hédnon (ονον)). Dowry (riesρν)) was exchanged by the later classical period (5th century BCE). A husband had some property right in his wife's dowry. In addition, the wife may bring her own marriage property, which was not included in the dowry and which, as a result, was hers alone. This property was "beyond dowry" (the root of the Greek parafern, parafernelia) and is known as the parafernal property or extra-dotal property.

A dowry may also have served as protection for the wife against the possibility of ill treatment by the husband and his family,  providing the husband with an incentive not to harm his wife. This applies in cultures where a dowry was expected to be returned to the bride's family upon death immediately after marriage.

In contemporary Greece, dowry was removed from family law in 1983 through legal reform.

The Roman Empire
The Romans practiced dowry (dos).  Dowry was the property transferred by the bride or the groom or the father of the bride at her wedding on behalf of another person. Dowry was a very common institution in Roman times,  and it began with a desire to get the bride's family to contribute to part of the costs involved in establishing a new homestead.  DOS was given to the husband for the purpose of enabling him to maintain the allegation of marriage status (Oneera matrimony). All the property of the wife who was not a dowry, or a charity ratio pro-Nupatiya, was her own property, and was called Parafern.  Dowry can include any form of property, given or promised at the time of marriage, but only what happened after the debt was cut. Not only the bride's family, anyone can donate her property as a dowry for the woman.

Two types of dowries were known - DOS prophilitia and DOS edititia.  That is the DOS prophylitia given by the father of the bride or father of the father. All other DOS are adventure. Roman law also allowed for a species of dowry, called dos receptacitia, that was given by the bride's father or father of the father in consideration of marriage by another person, but on the condition that he be given the dowry Must be restored, upon the death of the wife. When a girl is married, and the bride's family is given a dowry in proportion to their means.  It was customary for the bride's family and friends to pay the promised dowry in installments over three years, and some Romans gained much praise by giving the dowry in one lump sum.

Indian subcontinent
Main article: Dowry system in India
Dowry is a controversial subject in the Indian subcontinent. Some scholars believe that dowry was prevalent in ancient times, but some did not. Historical eyewitness reports (discussed below) suggest that dowry was negligible in ancient India, and that daughters had inheritance rights, exercised by custom at the time of their marriage. Documentary evidence suggests that bridewealth was common practice in the early 20th century rather than dowry, often resulting in poor boys being unmarried.

Stanley J. Tambia claims that dowry was accepted by Manu in ancient India (especially in Rohtak) and the ancient code of Pratap and especially in the Kadia families, but dowry was a more prestigious form and was associated with the Brahmini (Purohit) caste. The lower castes were banned, who were not allowed to give dowry. He cited two studies of the early 20th century with data suggesting that this pattern of dowry among upper castes and victimization among lower castes continued until the first half of the 20th century.  However, it is more likely that the marriage involves mutual gifts between the two families, Tambia claims, so that the groom's family gave bridewealth, as it returned the bride as her joint property as a dowry. Given.

In contrast, Michael Witzel claims that ancient Indian literature suggests that dowry was not important in the Vedic period.  Witzel also notes that women in ancient India had inherited rights to property either by appointment or when they had no brothers.

The findings of McDonnell and Keith are similar to those of Witzel, and differ from those of Tambia; They cite ancient Indian literature that Brahmanism was also paid for in marriages involving Brahmins and Purohit (upper caste) upper castes. When the girl was suffering from some physical defect, dowry was not a crime. Property rights for women increased in ancient India, suggesting Macdonell and Keith over the Epic era (200 BCE - 700 AD).  Kane claims that ancient literature suggests that asuras were paid in marriage, which was considered scandalous and prohibited by Manu and other ancient Indian writers. 

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