Pomelo is very large citrus fruit of botanical name Citrus maxima. It is very sweet taste after ripening . Have you ever tried a honey pomelo ? This large citrus fruit can be found in the produce section from late fall to early spring. Here's more about this tasty unique citrus fruit.The fruit is used in many festive celebrations throughout Southeast Asia. After a Captain Shaddock of an East India Company ship introduced it to Barbados, the fruit was called "shaddock" in English. The fruit is also known as jabong in Hawaii and jambola in varieties of English spoken in South Asia. The etymology of the word "pomelo" is uncertain. It may be an alteration of "pompelmoes", in Tamil pomelo are called pampa limasu, which means "big citrus". The name was adopted by the Portuguese as pomposos limoes and then by the Dutch as pompelmoes. Typically, the fruit is pale green to yellow when ripe, with sweet white ( or, more rarely , pink or red) fle...
Most MIs occur due to coronary artery disease. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes , lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet and excessive alcohol intake, among others. The complete blockage of a coronary artery caused by a rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque is usually the underlying mechanism of an MI. MIs are less commonly caused by coronary artery spasms, which may be due to cocaine, significant emotional stress and extreme cold, among others. A number of tests are useful to help with diagnosis, including electrocardiograms, blood tests and coronary angiography. An ECG, which is a recording of the heart's electrical activity, may confirm an ST elevation MI (STMI), if ST elevation is present. Commonly used blood tests include troponin and less often creatine kinase MB.
Treatment of an MI is time-critical. Aspirin is an appropriate immediate treatment for a suspected MI. Nitroglycerin or opiods may be used to help with chest pain; however, they do not improve overall outcomes. Supplemental oxygen is recommended in those with low oxygen levels or shortness of breath. In a STEMI,treatments attempt to restore blood flow to the heart and include percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), where the arteries are pushed open and may be stented, or thrombolysis, where the blockage is removed using medications. People who have a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are often managed with the blood thinner heparin, with the additional use of PCI in those at high risk. In people with blockages of multiple coronary arteries and diabetes, coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)may be recommended rather than angioplasty. After an MI, lifestyle modifications, along with long term treatment with aspirin, beta blockers and stains, are typically recommended.
What are the symptoms of acute myocardial infarction?
While the classic symptoms of a heart attack are chest pain and shortness of breath, the symptoms can be quite varied. The most common symptoms of a heart attack include:
Chest pressure or stiffness
Pain in the chest, back, jaw and other areas of the upper body that last for more than a few minutes or that goes away and comes back
Shortness of breath
to sweat
Nausea
Vomiting
anxiety
cough
dizziness
A rapid heart rate
It is important to note that people who have a heart attack do not experience the same symptoms or the same severity of symptoms. Chest pain is the most commonly reported symptom in both women and men. However, women are more likely than men to:
Shortness of breath
Jaw pain
Upper back pain
affair
Nausea
Vomiting
In fact, some women who have had a heart attack report that their symptoms felt like flu symptoms.
What causes acute myocardial infarction?
Your heart is the main organ in your cardiovascular system, which also includes various types of blood vessels. Some of the most important vessels are arteries. They carry oxygen-rich blood to your body and all your organs. Coronary arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, especially to your heart muscle. When these arteries become blocked or constricted due to plaque formation, the blood flow to your heart may decrease drastically or stop altogether. This can cause a heart attack. A number of factors can lead to blockage in the coronary arteries.
Bad cholesterol
Bad cholesterol, also known as low-density lipoprotein (LDL), is one of the leading causes of arterial blockage. Cholesterol is a colorless substance found in the food you eat. Your body also makes it naturally. Not all cholesterol is bad, but LDL cholesterol can stick to the walls of your arteries and produce plaque. Plaque is a hard substance that blocks the flow of blood in the arteries. Blood platelets, which help blood clotting, can stick to plaque and form over time.
Saturated fat
Saturated fats can also contribute to plaque formation in the coronary arteries. Saturated fats are mostly found in meat and dairy products, including beef, butter, and cheese. These fats can cause an arterial blockage by increasing the amount of bad cholesterol in your blood system and decreasing the amount of good cholesterol.
Trans fat
Another type of fat that contributes to clogged arteries is trans fat, or hydrogenated fat. Trans fat is usually produced artificially and can be found in a wide variety of processed foods. Trans fats are usually listed on food labels as hydrogenated oils or partially hydrogenated oils.
Who is at risk for acute myocardial infarction?
Certain factors can increase your risk of heart attack.
high blood pressure
If you have high blood pressure then you are more at risk for a heart attack. Normal blood pressure is below 120/80 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury) depending on your age. As the numbers are increasing, so is the risk of developing heart problems. Having high blood pressure damages your arteries and accelerates plaque formation.
High cholesterol level
Due to high levels of cholesterol in your blood, you are at risk of acute myocardial infarction. You may be able to reduce your cholesterol by changing your diet or taking some medicines called statins.
High triglyceride levels
High triglyceride levels also increase your risk for a heart attack. Triglycerides are a type of fat that clog your arteries. Triglycerides from the food you eat travel into your blood until they are stored in your body, usually in your fat cells. However, some triglycerides may remain in your arteries and contribute to plaque formation.
Diabetes and high blood sugar level
Diabetes is a condition that causes blood sugar, or glucose levels to rise. High blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels and eventually lead to coronary artery disease. It is a serious health condition that can trigger a heart attack in some people.
obesity
If you are overweight, you are more likely to have a heart attack. Obesity is associated with various conditions that increase the risk of heart attack, including:
diabetes
high blood pressure
High cholesterol level
High triglyceride levels
Smoking
Smoking tobacco products increases the risk of heart attack. It can also give rise to other heart conditions and diseases.
Age
The risk of heart attack increases with age. Men are at greater risk of having a heart attack after age 45, and women are at greater risk of having a heart attack after age 55.
family history
If you have a family history of heart disease, you are more likely to have a heart attack. Your risk is particularly high if you have a male family member who has developed heart disease before the age of 55 or if you have a female family member who has developed heart disease before the age of 65.
Other factors that increase the risk of heart attack include:
Tension
lack of exercise
Use of some illegal drugs including cocaine and amphetamine
History of preeclampsia or high blood pressure during pregnancy.
How is myocardial infarction diagnosed?
To determine if you have had a heart attack, your doctor will listen to your heart to check for irregularities in your heartbeat. They can also measure your blood pressure. If you suspect that you have had a heart attack, your doctor will also run several different tests. An electrocardiogram (EKG) can be done to measure the electrical activity of your heart. Blood tests can also be used to examine proteins that are related to heart damage, such as troponin.
Other clinical trials include:
A stress test to see how your heart responds to certain conditions such as exercise
Angiogram with coronary catheterization to look for areas of obstruction in your arteries
An echocardiogram to help identify areas of your heart that are not working properly
How is acute myocardial infarction treated?
A heart attack requires immediate treatment, so most treatments begin in the emergency room. A minimally invasive procedure called angioplasty can be used to unblock the blood supply arteries to the heart. During angioplasty, your surgeon will insert a long, thin tube called a catheter through your artery to reach blockage. They will then inflate a small balloon attached to the catheter to reopen the artery, allowing blood flow to resume. Your surgeon may also place a small, mesh tube called a stent at the site of obstruction. The stent may prevent the artery from closing again.
Your doctor may also want to perform a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) in some cases. In this procedure, your surgeon will nourish your veins and arteries again so that blood can flow around the blockage. A CABG is sometimes performed immediately after a heart attack. However, in most cases, it is done several days after the event so that it takes time for your heart to recover.
Various medications can be used to treat heart attack:
Blood thinners, such as aspirin, are often used to break blood clots and improve blood flow through narrowed arteries.
Thrombolytics are often used to dissolve clots.
Antiplatelet drugs, such as clopidogrel, can be used to prevent new clots from forming and existing clots from growing.
Nitroglycerin can be used to widen your blood vessels.
Beta-blockers lower your blood pressure and relax your heart muscle. This can help limit the severity of damage to your heart.
ACE inhibitors may also be used to lower blood pressure and reduce stress on the heart.
A pain reliever can be used to reduce any discomfort you may have.
What to expect after treatment?
Your chances of recovering from a heart attack depend on how much damage your heart has caused and how quickly you receive emergency care. The sooner you receive treatment, the more likely you are to survive. However, if your heart muscle suffers enough damage, your heart may be unable to pump sufficient amounts of blood throughout your body. This can stop the heart rate.
Heart damage increases the risk of developing abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia. Your risk of having another heart attack will also be high.
Many people who have had a heart attack experience anxiety and depression. It is important to talk to your doctor about your concerns during recovery. It can be beneficial to join a support group or talk with a counselor about what you are doing.
Most people are able to resume their normal activities after a heart attack. However, you will need to return to any intense physical activity. Your doctor will help you develop a specific plan for recovery. You may have to take medications or undergo a cardiac rehabilitation program. These types of programs can help you slowly regain your strength, teach you about healthy lifestyle changes, and guide you through treatment.
How can acute myocardial infarction be prevented?
There are several steps you can take to prevent a heart attack, even if you previously had one.
One way to reduce your risk is to eat a heart-healthy diet. This diet should mainly include:
whole grains
The vegetables
The fruit
lean protein
You should also reduce the amount of the following in your diet:
sugar
Saturated fat
Trans fat
Cholesterol
It is particularly important for people with diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
Exercising several times a week will also improve your heart health. If you have recently had a heart attack, you should talk to your doctor before starting a new exercise plan.
It is also important to stop smoking if you smoke. Quitting smoking will significantly reduce your risk of heart attack and will improve the health of both your heart and lungs. You should also avoid smoking second hand.
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