Pomelo is very large citrus fruit of botanical name Citrus maxima. It is very sweet taste after ripening . Have you ever tried a honey pomelo ? This large citrus fruit can be found in the produce section from late fall to early spring. Here's more about this tasty unique citrus fruit.The fruit is used in many festive celebrations throughout Southeast Asia. After a Captain Shaddock of an East India Company ship introduced it to Barbados, the fruit was called "shaddock" in English. The fruit is also known as jabong in Hawaii and jambola in varieties of English spoken in South Asia. The etymology of the word "pomelo" is uncertain. It may be an alteration of "pompelmoes", in Tamil pomelo are called pampa limasu, which means "big citrus". The name was adopted by the Portuguese as pomposos limoes and then by the Dutch as pompelmoes. Typically, the fruit is pale green to yellow when ripe, with sweet white ( or, more rarely , pink or red) fle...
Due to increasing urbanization of the general populace, slums became comon in the 18th to late 20th centuries in the United States and Europe. Slums are still predominantly found in urban regions of developing countries, but are also still found in developed economies.
According to UN-Habitat, around 33% of the urban population in the developing world in 2012, or about 863 million, lived in slums. The proportion of urban population living in slums in 2012 was highest in Sub-Saharan Africa 62%, followed by Southern Asia 35%, Southeastern Asia 31% , Eastern Asia 28%, Western Asia 25%. Oceania 24%, Latin America and the Caribbean 24%, and North Africa 13%. Among individual countries, the proportion of urban resitents living in slum areas in 2009 was highest in the Central African Republic 95.9%.
Origination and naming
It is believed that that slum is a British slang term from the East End of London meaning "room", which evolved around 1 meaning65 as a "back slum" meaning 'back alley, poor people'. Road of
Many other non-English words are often used with slums: shack town, fountain, crook, geoskondu, skid row, barrio, ghetto, bidonville, taudis, bundas de mysseria, barrio frontier, moro, lorimento, barraca, muscas , Tusk, Mudun Safari, Karian, Medina Achouiya, Braak, Ishish, Gallo, Tande, Baladi, Trushoki, Chalis, Kataras, Zopadpatti, Busty, Astero, Frankincense, Dagatan, Umangdolo, Watta, udukku, choku.
The term slum has negative connotations, and the use of this label can be seen as an attempt to reproduce the use of that land for an area when it is expected to be reintroduced.
History
One of the many New York City slums of Jacob Rees (ca. 1890). Squalor can be seen on the streets, washing clothes hanging between buildings.
From a photo collection of Jacob Rees of New York City (ca. 1890), inside a slum house.
Part of Charles Booth's part of poverty is the old Nicole, a slum in London's East End. Published 1889 in Life and Labor of the People in London. Red areas are "middle class, do well", light blue areas are "poor, 18 to 21s for a middle family", dark blue areas are "very poor, casual, want old" and black Areas. "The lowest class ... occasional laborers, street vendors, vagabonds, criminals and semi-criminals".
Slums were common in the United States and Europe before the beginning of the 20th century. The East End of London is generally considered local, where the term originated in the 19th century, where the rapid rapid urbanization of dockside and industrial areas led to an intense congestion in the jungles of medieval streets. The suffering of the poor was described in popular fiction by moralist writers such as Charles Dickens - most famously Oliver Twist (1837–9) and echoing the Christian socialist values of the time, which was soon followed in the Public Health Act of 1848. Legal expression found. As the slum clearance movement gained momentum, underprivileged areas such as Old Nicol were fictionalized to raise awareness among middle classes such as moralist novels such as A Child of the Wake (1896), resulting in slum clearance and reconstruction programs such as Construction of charitable trusts such as the Seema Estate (1893–1900) and the Peabody Trust established in 1862 and the Joseph Robtree Foundation Registration (1904), which work to provide decent housing today.
Slums are often associated with Victorian Britain, particularly in industrial English cities, the lowland Scottish city and Dublin city in Ireland. Engels described these British neighborhoods as "animal-sheds for humans". They were generally inhabited until the 1940s, when the British government introduced slum clearance and built new council houses. There are still examples of slum housing in Britain, but many have been removed from government initiatives, redesigned and replaced with better public housing. In Europe, slums were common. By the 1920s it had become a common slang expression in England, meaning various inns and dinning houses, "loose talk" or gypsy language, or rooms with "less going-on". Pierce Egan in Life in London used the term to refer to the "back slum" of Holy Lane or St Giles. A footnote defined slum to mean "lower, incomplete parts of the city". Charles Dickens used the word slum in a similar manner in 1840, writing, "I mean a great, London, back-slum walk tonight." Slum was soon used to describe poor habitat and was used as an alternative expression for miscreants. In 1850 the Catholic Cardinal Wiseman described the area known as Devils Acre in Westminster, London as follows:
Closely under the abbey of Westminster there are alleys and potty and alleys and slums, nests of ignorance, vice, gravity, and crime, as well as hidden labyrinths of squalor, ill-will and disease. Whose atmosphere is typhus, whose ventilation is cholera; In which flocks of vast and almost uncultivated populations, predominantly Catholic, at least; A victim of dirtiness, which no sewage committee can reach - dark corner, which no light board can illuminate.
Rural-urban migration
The Kibera Slum in Nairobi, Africa is Africa's second largest slum and the third largest in the world.
Rural-urban migration is one of the reasons responsible for the formation and expansion of slums. Since 1950, the world's population has grown at a far greater rate than the total amount of arable land, even as agriculture contributes a very small percentage of the total economy. For example, in India, agriculture had 52% of GDP in 1954 and only 19% in 2004; In Brazil, the GDP contribution of agriculture in 2050 is one-fifth of its contribution in 1951. Agriculture, meanwhile, has become more productive, less disease prone, less physically rigid and more efficient with tractors and other equipment. In the last 50 years, the proportion of people working in agriculture has declined by 30%, while the global population has increased by 250%.
Many people move to urban areas mainly because there is more employment in cities, better schools for poor children and diverse income opportunities from subsistence in rural areas. For example, in 1995, 95.8% of expatriates in Surabaya, Indonesia reported that jobs were their primary motivation for the city. However, some rural migrants may not get jobs immediately due to lack of skills and increasingly competitive job markets, leading to their financial shortage. Many cities, on the other hand, do not provide sufficient low-cost housing for a large number of rural-urban migrant workers. Some rural-urban migrant workers cannot afford housing in the cities and may eventually settle only in affordable slums. In addition, rural migrants, mainly lured by high incomes, continue to flood cities. They thus expand existing urban slums.
According to Ali and Toran, social networks can also explain rural-urban migration and eventual settlement of people in slums. In addition to migration for jobs, a portion of people migrate to cities due to their connections with relatives or families. Once their family support is in slums in urban areas, those rural migrants intend to live with them in slums.
Urbanization
A slum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Rocinha favela is next to the skyscrapers and wealthy parts of the city, a place that provides employment and easy movement for slum dwellers.
The formation of slums is closely linked to urbanization. In 2008, more than 50% of the world's population lived in urban areas. In China, for example, it is estimated that according to the current state of urbanization, the population living in urban areas will increase by 10% within a decade. UN-Habitat reports that 43% of the urban population in developing countries and 78% in the least developed countries are hapless residents.
Some scholars suggest that urbanization creates slums because local governments are unable to manage urbanization, and migrant workers live in slums, without an affordable place to live. Rapid urbanization leads to economic growth and people seek opportunities to work and invest in urban areas. However, as evidence of poor urban infrastructure and inadequate housing, local governments are sometimes unable to manage this transition. This inability to handle and organize the problems brought by migration and urbanization can be attributed to insufficient funds and inexperience. In some cases, local governments ignore the flow of immigrants during the process of urbanization. Such examples can be found in many African countries. In the early 1950s, many African governments believed that slums would end with economic development in urban areas. They ignored the rapidly expanding slums due to the increase in rural-urban migration due to urbanization. In addition, some governments mapped the land where slums were occupied as undeveloped land.
Another type of urbanization involves not economic growth but economic stagnation or low growth, contributing mainly to growth in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia. This type of urbanization includes high rates of unemployment, insufficient financial resources and inconsistent urban planning policy. In these areas, a 1% increase in urban population would result in a 1.84% increase in slum prevalence.
Urbanization may also force some people to live in slums when it affects land use and increases land value by converting agricultural land into urban areas. During the process of urbanization, some agricultural land is used for additional urban activities. More investment will come in these areas, which increases the value of the land. Before some land is fully urbanized, there is a period when the land can neither be used for urban activities nor agriculture. There will be a fall in income from land, which reduces the income of the people in that area. The difference between low income of people and high land price forces some
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